TOEFLスピーキング Task 2～4解答のコツ【27点を取ったコツと回答例】

University to Prohibit Bicycles on Campus

Beginning next semester, the University will not allow the use of bicycles on campus. The campus sidewalks are intended for pedestrians and receive heavy pedestrian traffic. Several minor accidents have resulted from people on bicycles colliding with people walking, and although no one has been seriously hurt, University officials feel that bicycles will not be a problem for students, since the university currently operates a convenient alternative: the free campus bus system, which runs between all campus buildings.

・反対

・理由①：自転車が危ないと言っているが、日中は危なくない。歩行者と自転車の事故は、夜間、視界が良くない時に起こったのではないか。学生は日中にキャンパス内を移動するので、問題ないと考える。

・理由②：バスで自転車を代替できると言っているが、それはない。バスは一時間に一便しかない。（勉強等で）既に忙しいのに、バスなんか待っていたら、待ちくたびれてしまう。

The woman expresses her opinion of the proposed policy change.
State her opinion, and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion.

Preparation Time: 30 seconds
Record Time: 60 seconds

The article states that the students will no longer be allowed to use bicycles on campus.

The reasons are that bicycles pose safety risk and that students can take the bus instead.

However, the woman disagrees for two reasons.

First, she thinks that riding bicycles does not pose safety issues. In her opinion, accidents between cyclists and pedestrians happened at night when they could not see each other very clearly. However, since students move around campus mostly in the daytime, there should be no problem.

Second, she argues that prohibiting bicycles will make student life inconvenient. The bus runs only once an hour, so students will spend a lot of time waiting for the bus if they can’t use the bicycle.

Therefore, the speaker and the passage differ in views.

Behavior Modification

Individuals often modify their behavior based on what they have learned about the possible consequences of their actions. When an individual learns through experience that a certain behavior results in pleasant consequences, that behavior is likely to be repeated. An unpleasant consequence, on the other hand, discourages further repetition of the behavior. While behavior modification can be observed in experiments, it also occurs frequently in everyday settings, when individuals change their behavior based on what they have learned about the consequences of that behavior.

・例：子供の初入学

・ポイント①：子供が初めて学校に行くと、学校の規則等をよく知らないので、ふざけた行為をとることがある。授業中にうるさくしたり、動き回ったりして、先生を困らせる。そうすると先生は怒って生徒に罰をくだす。罰を受けるのは楽しくないので、子供はそのような行動をとらなくなる。

・ポイント②：子供が挙手したり、静かに座ったりしていると、先生から褒められる。そうすると、子供はこのような行動を繰り返すようになる。

Using the example from the lecture, explain what behavior modification is and how it works.

Preparation Time: 30 seconds
Record Time: 60 seconds

Behavior modification is a concept that means people change their behavior based on what they’ve learned about the consequences of their behavior.

The professor gives the example of kids entering school to illustrate this concept.

When kids first enter the classroom, they tend to interrupt teachers or move around when they’re not supposed to, misbehaving in general. However, when they do this, the teacher gets angry and they get punished for what they’ve done. In this way, kids learn that it’s not favorable to misbehave.

On the other hand, when kids behave well, like when they raise their hands or sit quietly throughout the class, they get rewarded for being a good student. After this experience, kids will reinforce their good behavior.

・人々は、同じ価格のプロダクトを選ぶとき、クオリティをもって優劣を判断している。プロダクトクオリティには2つの要素がある。ReliabilityとFeatureである。

・Reliability：

　・It means whether a product works the way we expect it to work; that it doesn’t need repairing normally (=absence of defects we were not expecting)

　・Take the car for example. If it needs repairing, it is not reliable.

　・Now that manufacturing standards are improving, reliability is no longer the deciding factor (=the car is normally reliable today, so people are no longer looking at reliability).

・Feature：

　・It refers to all the extras; things that are not necessary but make a product better.

　・Take the car for example. It has features like electric windows, sun roof, stereos, etc.

　・People look at feasibility nowadays because reliability is same across products.

Using points and examples from the lecture, explain the two major factors of product quality and how their role in consumer decision making has changed.

Preparation Time: 20 seconds
Record Time: 60 seconds

The listening is about two factors of product quality and how their role has shifted in consumer decision making.

First, the professor talks about reliability. It means a product works the way people expect it to work. For example, if a car needs repairing from time to time, it is not reliable. People cared a lot about reliability in the past, but no longer do so because manufacturing standards have improved and products have become largely reliable.

Next, the professor talks about feature. Feature is all the extras, like electric windows, the sun roof, and stereos that a car is equipped with. It is the deciding factor for people’s purchase decision today because reliability is the same across products.